ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: The main goal of this research was to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference in the anthropometric characteristics of fourth grade elementary school students, who live in different demographic environments in Montenegro. The research was conducted on a sample of 120 students, fourth grade elementary school, male (60 students from urban areas and 60 students from rural areas). To measure anthropometric characteristics, 12 measures were applied (Body height, arm length, leg length, shoulder width, elbow diameter, knee diameter, body weight, upper arm circumference, lower leg circumference, skin fold of the back, skin fold of the upper arm, skin fold of the abdomen). After conducting research with the application of appropriate statistical procedures: descriptive analysis, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA), it was noticed that there is a statistically significant difference in the treated space of anthropometric characteristics. Boys from rural areas are more dominant than boys from urban areas in the longitudinal and transverse dimensionality of the skeleton and in volume on certain body segments, and boys from urban areas are more dominant than boys from rural areas in body weight and subcutaneous fat, which puts them at risk for obesity.
El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue determinar si existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las características antropométricas de los estudiantes de cuarto grado de primaria, que viven en diferentes entornos demográficos en Montenegro. La investigación se realizó sobre una muestra de 120 estudiantes, cuarto grado de primaria, sexo masculino (60 estudiantes de zona urbana y 60 estudiantes de zona rural). Para medir las características antropométricas se aplicaron 12 medidas (Altura del cuerpo, longitud del brazo, longitud de la pierna, ancho del hombro, diámetro del codo, diámetro de la rodilla, peso corporal, circunferencia del brazo, circunferencia de la pierna, pliegue de la piel de la espalda, pliegue de la piel de la parte superior brazo, pliegue cutáneo del abdomen). Después de realizar la investigación con la aplicación de los procedimientos estadísticos apropiados: análisis descriptivo, análisis de varianza multivariante (MANOVA) y análisis de varianza (ANOVA), se observó que existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el espacio tratado de características antropométricas. Los niños de áreas rurales son más dominantes que los niños de áreas urbanas en la dimensionalidad longitudinal y transversal del esqueleto y en volumen en ciertos segmentos del cuerpo, y los niños de áreas urbanas son más dominantes que los niños de áreas rurales en peso corporal y grasa subcutánea, lo que los pone en riesgo de obesidad.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Students , Anthropometry , Socioeconomic Factors , Rural Areas , Analysis of Variance , Urban Area , Education, Primary and Secondary , MontenegroABSTRACT
Objective:To study the prevalence and distribution of adult thyroid diseases in urban and rural areas of Hebei Province.Methods:A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used to select Renqiu City and Licun Town, Luquan City of Hebei Province as the urban and rural survey sites, respectively. Questionnaire survey, physical examination and thyroid B ultrasound examination were conducted on local permanent residents (≥ 5 years of residencies) over 18 years old. The fasting venous blood sample was collected to determine the serum thyroid function indicaters.Results:A total of 2 650 adults were surveyed, including 1 393 urban residents and 1 257 rural residents (1 357 males and 1 293 females). A total of 435 patients with thyroid diseases were diagnosed, the detection rate was 16.42%. There were seven thyroid diseases, including subclinical hypothyroidism (60.92%, 265/435), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (34.02%, 148/435), hypothyroidism (4.83%, 21/435), simple goiter (3.22%, 14/435), hyperthyroidism (2.53%, 11/435), subclinical hyperthyroidism (2.53%, 11/435), and thyroid cancer (1.84%, 8/435). The detection rates of thyroid diseases in urban and rural areas were 21.18% (295/1 393) and 11.14% (140/1 257), respectively. The detection rates of thyroid diseases in males and females were 11.42% (155/1 357) and 21.66% (280/1 293), respectively. The detection rates of thyroid diseases in 18-< 30, 30-< 40, 40-< 50, 50-< 60 and ≥60 years old were 13.46% (91/676), 14.81% (81/547), 15.42% (89/577), 20.94% (85/406) and 20.05% (89/444), respectively. There were statistically significant differences between different areas, gender and age groups (χ 2 = 48.54, 50.53, 14.68, P < 0.05). Conclusions:The detection rate of subclinical hypothyroidism in adults in urban and rural areas of Hebei Province is relatively high, followed by Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Attention should be paid to the screening, evaluation, and intervention of thyroid function among urban female populations.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo examine the prevalence and influencing factors of smoking in urban and rural residents in Shaoxing City for providing evidences to effective tobacco control. MethodsWith stratified multistage random sampling， we conducted a face-to-face survey among 4 063 residents aged 15‒69 years in the city. A face-to-face questionnaire survey was used to collect information on smoking among urban and rural residents. ResultsAmong the 4 063 valid respondents， the rate of current smoking was 22.69%， the current smoking rate of rural residents was 24.85% and the rate of urban residents was 20.48%. The results of unconditional multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the following were the protective factors of smoking among urban and rural residents： having health literacy， suffering the chronic disease， being female， with poor self-evaluated health status， being a personnel of organizations/institutions， students， farmers， workers and other staffs of enterprises （P<0.05）. ConclusionHealth literacy， gender， occupation， age， self-evaluation of health status and chronic diseases are the main influencing factors of current smoking behavior among urban and rural residents. Improving residents’ health literacy through health education can effectively affect residents’ smoking behavior.
ABSTRACT
SUMMARY: Prevention and correction of overweight in children and adolescents is also very important for many reasons. According to previous research, the problem tends to vary according to sex, and different ages and the lifestyle in rural and urban areas has changed drastically in recent years and decades. Regarding the above-mentioned, the main goal of this research was to determine the nutritional status of young school children in urban and rural areas of Montenegro in relation to sex and age. The sample in this research has consisted of children aged 6 and 9 (younger school age). The total sample in this research is 800 male and female children who belong to the urban and rural areas of Montenegro. The sample of variables used in this study was: body mass index-percentile values (BMI), and waist circumference and body height ratio (WHtR) which were used as indicators to assess nutritional status. Based on obtained results it could be generally concluded that there are no statistically significant differences in nutritional status between primary school children from urban and rural areas of Montenegro, which is the opposite of what was expected based on previous research, but also which is very important since all subjects in the future can be treated as homogeneous groups when it comes to the impact of environment and lifestyle on the nutrition status of younger school children. On the other hand, it is important to emphasize that the main limitation of this research is that measurements were carried out in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the recommendation could be that after the end of the pandemic, special "COVID teams" should be formed, which would consist of experts from various fields of physical culture, sports, and medicine, all with the aim of influencing possible problems with nutritional status and physical activity of young school children caused by a pandemic.
RESUMEN: La prevención y corrección del sobrepeso en niños y adolescentes es muy importante por muchas razones. Según investigaciones previas, el problema tiende a variar según el sexo, las diferentes edades y el estilo de vida en las zonas rurales y urbanas ha cambiado drásticamente en los últimos años y décadas. Con respecto a lo mencionado anteriormente, el objetivo principal de esta investigación fue determinar el estado nutricional de los niños pequeños en edad escolar en áreas urbanas y rurales de Montenegro en relación con el sexo y la edad. La muestra en esta investigación ha estado compuesta por niños de 6 y 9 años (menor edad escolar). La muestra total en esta investigación fue de 800 niños y niñas que pertenecían a las zonas urbanas y rurales de Montenegro. La muestra de variables utilizadas en este estudio fue: índice de masa corporal-valores percentiles (IMC), circunferencia de la cintura y relación talla corporal (RCCE), los cuales se utilizaron como indicadores para evaluar el estado nutricional. Sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos, se pudo concluir en general que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el estado nutricional entre los niños de primaria de las zonas urbanas y rurales de Montenegro, que es lo contrario de lo que se esperaba en base a investigaciones anteriores, pero que también es muy importante, ya que todos los temas en el futuro pueden ser tratados como grupos homogéneos en lo que respecta al impacto del medio ambiente y el estilo de vida en el estado nutricional de los niños en edad escolar más pequeños. Por otro lado, es importante recalcar que la principal limitación de esta investigación fue que las mediciones se realizaron en plena pandemia de COVID-19, y la recomendación podría ser que luego de finalizada la pandemia, equipos especiales "COVID", que estaría integrado por expertos de diversas áreas de la cultura física, el deporte y la medicina, todo ello con el objetivo de incidir en los posibles problemas del estado nutricional y de actividad física de los jóvenes escolares provocados por una pandemia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Nutritional Status , COVID-19 , Rural Areas , Sex Factors , Cross-Sectional Studies , Age Factors , Urban Area , Montenegro , PandemicsABSTRACT
Background Climate change leads to frequent heavy rainfall events, and higher incidences of bacillary dysentery after heavy rainfall have been observed. The impacts of heavy rainfall and its antecedent rainfall conditions on the disease are worth paying attention to. Objective To quantitatively analyze how the relationship between heavy rainfall events and bacillary dysentery occurrence is modified by antecedent rainfall conditions in Anhui Province and explore the different moderation effects in urban and rural contexts. Methods CN05.1 meteorological data of Anhui Province and cases of bacillary dysentery of the same area were collected from January 1, 2006 to August 31, 2017. An exposure-response Poisson regression model of heavy rainfall events and the number of daily cases was constructed to explore the moderation effect of antecedent rainfall conditions on the incidence of bacillary dysentery, and further stratified by urban and rural areas. Results This study included 129 459 cases of bacillary dysentery, with a daily average of 30.39. Compared with dry antecedent conditions without heavy rainfall, dry antecedent conditions with heavy rainfall had no obvious different effect on the incidence of bacillary dysentery for the whole province (P>0.05). But wet antecedent conditions significantly increased the risk of bacillary dysentery for the whole province after heavy rainfall (wet antecedent conditions without heavy rainfall: RR=1.281, 95%CI: 1.264-1.298; wet antecedent conditions with heavy rainfall: RR=1.267, 95%CI: 1.167-1.376). After urban and rural stratification, antecedent rainfall conditions also showed a significant moderation effect on the incidence of bacillary dysentery following heavy rainfall events. Compared with dry antecedent conditions without heavy rainfall, dry antecedent conditions with heavy rainfall had no obvious effect on the incidence of bacillary dysentery for the urban and the rural populations (P > 0.05). However, wet antecedent conditions without heavy rainfall (urban: RR=1.391, 95%CI: 1.362-1.421; rural: RR=1.222, 95%CI: 1.201-1.243) and wet antecedent conditions with heavy rainfall (urban: RR=1.364, 95%CI: 1.193-1.559; rural: RR=1.218, 95%CI: 1.098-1.352) significantly increased the risk of bacillary dysentery in both rural and urban areas. Conclusion In the influence of heavy rainfall on the incidence of bacillary dysentery in Anhui Province, antecedent rainfall conditions have a certain moderation effect in the whole province and in both urban and rural areas, and the risk of bacillary dysentery is increased under wet antecedent conditions.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the differences in the incidence of malignant tumors among urban and rural residents in Shenyang from 2013 to 2018. Methods From 2013 to 2018, the incidence data of malignant tumors of residents with household registration from national cancer surveillance sites in Shenyang urban area and rural Kangping and Faku counties were extracted. Crude incidence rate, age-standardized rate (standardized rate by Chinese population, standardized rate by world population), age specific incidence rate, cumulative incidence rate (0-74 years old), and truncated incidence rate (35-64 years old) were respectively calculated. SPSS23.0 software was used to carry out chi square test for the incidence of disease in urban and rural areas and in different age groups. Joinpoint 3.5.3 software was used to analyze the incidence trend in urban and rural areas. Results From 2013 to 2018, the age-standardized rate of cancer incidence by Chinese population（2000）and the cumulative rate of 0-74 years old in urban residents of Shenyang City were 199.85/105 and 22.21%, respectively, which were higher than those in rural residents, 172.84/105 and 19.85%, respectively. The incidence rate of cancer in males and females in urban area was higher than that in rural areas (χ2=262.47，χ2=103.83, P<0.05). The incidence rates in urban males and females and in rural females all showed an increasing trend in the past 6 years (APC=3.06%, APC=4.03%，APC=3.28% , P<0.05). The top five malignant tumors of urban males were lung cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer and bladder cancer, while the top five malignant tumors of rural males were lung cancer, esophageal cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer and colorectal cancer, respectively. The top five malignant tumors of urban women were breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, thyroid cancer and cervical cancer, while the malignant tumors of rural women were lung cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer and liver cancer, respectively. Conclusion From 2013 to 2018, the incidence of malignant tumor in urban residents in Shenyang is higher than that in rural areas. The incidence rates of urban males and females and rural females have showed an upward trend year by year in the past 6 years. There is a large difference in the order of tumor incidence between urban and rural men and women.
ABSTRACT
Background: The attitude of parents towards their children’s health and illness is an important factor with regards to child’s overall development. In most developing countries, the health of the children is strongly dependent on parental healthcare behavior. This current study mainly looks into these aspects.Methods: A community based cross sectional study involving urban and rural area field practice areas of a medical college in the study period of November 2016-January 2017 with a sample size of 100 families each having children in urban and rural areas have been fixed purposively. House to house survey done by simple random method using pretested semi structured interview schedules.Results: Around 55% of rural parents took treatment from RMP (quacks) with 55% of urban counterparts opting for wait and watch method. Only 8% of respondents from both areas too their children to a pediatrician. About 12% of urban area went to government hospital and none from rural utilized government hospital facilities.Conclusions: Large proportions of respondents did not seek appropriate medical care for childhood illnesses.
ABSTRACT
Background: Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is growing evidence that high homocysteine level contribute to the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. High hohmocysteine levels are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, although there are few studies that show no increase in risk, and there is still debate as to the strength and validity of the association. This study has been undertaken to correlate the serum homocysteine level in patients of cerebrovascular accident. Materials and methods: This study comprised of 100 patients of cerebrovascular accident admitted with acute onset of neurological deficit which are radiologically diagnosed. The diagnosis of cerebrovascular accident was made on the basis of history and clinical examination. We did CBC with ESR, renal function test, liver function test, serum homocysteine level, RBS, Fasting lipid profile, vitamin B12, urine routine analysis, HIV, CT scan Brain/ MRI Brain, ECG, 2D ECHO, Carotid Doppler if required, ANA / RA factor and any specific investigation if indicated. Results: Highest no of patients were in 5th and 6th decades of life with highest mean serum homocysteine level. Males were more affected with CVA than females and the mean serum homocysteine level was also higher in males. Urban population has higher homocysteine level than rural. Most common presenting symptom of CVA in the present study was hemiplegia. Convulsion was more associated with hemorrhagic CVA rather than ischemic CVA. Hypertension is one of the major risk factors for CVA. The mean homocysteine was higher in vegetarian population. Out of 72 patients having raised S. homocysteine level, 38 patients had vitamin B12 deficiency. Chitralekha Vora, Krunal Talsaniya, Bhavikkumar Prajapati. Clinical profile of cerebrovascular accident patients with special reference to serum homocysteine level. IAIM, 2019; 6(1): 76-82. Page 77 Conclusion: Hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for CVA. Urban lifestyle is associated with higher incidence of CVA and higher homocysteine level. Homocysteine estimation should be included as a routine laboratory test for persons with cerebrovascular risk factors. Plasma vitamin B12 concentration is inversely associated with s. homocysteine concentration. Treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia with vitamin B12 supplements will reduce homocysteine level and ultimately reduce risk of CVA.
ABSTRACT
Este estudo exploratório aborda o papel do Serviço de Apoio Domiciliário no quotidiano dos idosos e suas famílias, em função do contexto urbano e rural, e o percurso de vida dos utentes de dois SAD do norte de Portugal. Recorreu-se a uma metodologia qualitativa, com a aplicação de 11 entrevistas semiestruturadas. O SAD mantém uma função assistencialista/tradicional, tendo um papel de substituição em meio urbano e complementar em meio rural. Este estudo aponta para a necessidade de apostar numa lógica de prevenção, educação e reabilitação, em torno da criação de um plano de cuidados personalizado, baseado num sistema de classificação dos utentes.
This exploratory study deals with the role of the Domiciliary Support Service in the daily life of the elderly and their families, depending on the urban and rural context and the life course of the users of two SADs in the north of Portugal. A qualitative methodology was used, with the application of 11 semi-structured interviews. The SAD maintains a welfare / traditional function, having primarily a substitution role in an urban and complementary environment in rural areas. This study points to the need of betting on a logic of prevention, education and rehabilitation, around the creation of a personalized care plan, based on a classification system of the users.
Este estudio exploratorio aborda el papel de la atención domiciliaria de la vida cotidiana de las personas mayores y sus familias, de acuerdo con el contexto urbano y rural y el modo de vida de los usuarios del SAD dos norte de Portugal. Se recurrió a una metodología cualitativa, con la aplicación de 11 entrevistas semiestructuradas. El SAD mantiene una función asistencialista / tradicional, teniendo un papel de sustitución en medio urbano y complementario en medio rural. Este estudio apunta a la necesidad de apostar en una lógica de prevención, educación y rehabilitación, en torno a la creación de un plan de cuidados personalizado, basado en un sistema de clasificación de los usuarios.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Family , Geriatric Assessment , Home Care Services , Activities of Daily Living , Functional StatusABSTRACT
RESUMEN Objetivo: comparar el riesgo de suicidio de adolescentes de enseñanza media, residentes de localidades urbanas y rurales por género en la región de Coquimbo, Chile. Material y método: la investigación es de tipo cuantitativo descriptivo no experimental, en una muestra no probabilística. En noviembre del 2016, de forma anónima, se aplicó el Cuestionario de Screening de Suicidalidad de Okasha, sobre tendencia suicida, a una muestra de 349 adolescentes de 14-19 años (48,7 % hombres-51,3 % mujeres), que asistían a establecimientos educativos urbanos y rurales, de la región de Coquimbo, en Chile. Se utilizó una ANOVA de dos vías para las variables localidad y género. Resultados: no existen diferencias en el riesgo de suicidio según localización geográfica, pero sí por género; se presentó un 15,76 % de adolescentes femeninas con riesgo suicida. Conclusiones: el suicidio es un problema de salud pública mundial, sobre el que no se ha abordado adecuadamente a nivel de prevención y promoción en salud; existe diversidad de factores que influyen en el riesgo suicida y el factor asociado al género femenino presenta un mayor riesgo; mientras que la ubicación geográfica de residencia no registra riesgo.
ABSTRACT Objective: Compare the risk of suicide, by gender, among adolescent, secondary-school students who are residents of urban and rural areas in the Coquimbo region of Chile. Materials and method: This is a non-experimental, descriptive quantitative study of a non-probabilistic sample. In November 2016, Okaska's Suicidality Scale to gauge the tendency towards suicide was applied anonymously to a sample of 349 adolescents ages 14-19 (48.7% males and 51.3% females) who were attending urban and rural educational establishments in the Coquimbo region of Chile. A two-way ANOVA was used for the locality and gender variables. Results: There are no differences in the risk of suicide according to geographic location. However, by gender; 15.76% of the female adolescents were found to be at suicidal risk. Conclusions: Suicide is a global public health problem that has not been addressed adequately in terms of prevention and health promotion. There are varieties of factors that influence the risk of suicide. The female-gender factor presents a greater risk, while the geographical location of residence appears to pose risk.
RESUMO Objetivo: comparar o risco de suicídio de adolescentes por gênero, estudantes do ensino médio, residentes em áreas urbanas e rurais da Região de Coquimbo, Chile. Materiais e método: a pesquisa é de tipo quantitativo descritivo não experimental, numa amostra não probabilística. Em novembro de 2016, de forma anônima, aplicou-se o Questionário Screening de Suicidalidade de Okasha, sobre tendência suicida, a uma amostra de 349 adolescentes entre 14 e 19 anos (48,7 % homens e 51,3 % mulheres), que se encontravam em estabelecimentos educativos urbanos e rurais da Região de Coquimbo. Utilizou-se ANOVA de duas vias para as variáveis área e gênero. Resultados: não existem diferenças no risco de suicídio segundo a localização geográfica, mas sim por gênero; apresentaram-se 15,76 % de adolescentes do sexo feminino com risco suicida. Conclusão: o suicídio é um problema de saúde pública mundial, sobre o qual não se tem abordado adequadamente, no que se refere à prevenção e promoção em saúde; há diversidade de fatores que influenciam no risco suicida, e o fator associado ao gênero feminino apresenta maior risco, enquanto a localização geográfica de residência não o registra.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Suicide, Attempted , Chile , Suicidal IdeationABSTRACT
Objetivos: Comparar el impacto de las condiciones orales sobre la calidad de vida en los escolares del sector urbano y rural del cantón Cañar Ecuador, en el año 2015. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal, observacional que evaluó a 170 escolares que cumplieron con criterios de selección. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de una entrevista personalizada que empleo la versión en español validada en Perú del Child-OIDP Index para determinar el impacto de 17 condiciones bucales sobre 8 desempeños diarios y posteriormente establecer la intensidad, extensión y severidad. Resultados: Se determinó que: El 75,5% de escolares refirieron uno o más desempeños impactados. Las condiciones más señaladas como problema fueron: Diente cariado y dolor de muela tanto en la zona urbana como rural (41,4% y 26,3%) (50,7% y 39,4%). Los desempeños diarios más afectados fueron comer y sonreír para la zona urbana y rural (41,4% y 53,5%) (36,4% y 22,5%) respectivamente. Conclusiones: Existió diferencia estadísticamente significativa de acuerdo a lugar de procedencia y sexo de (p=0,048) (p= 0,011) respectivamente en escolares del Cantón Cañar.
Objectives: To compare the impact of oral conditions on the quality of life in schoolchildren in the urban and rural sector of Cañar Ecuador, in the year 2015.Materials and methods: Observational cross-sectional study evaluated 170 schoolchildren who accomplish with selection criteria. The data were collected through a personalized interview that lasted from 6 to 8 minutes per school. It was used a Spanish version validated in Peru of the Child-OIDP Index to determine the impact of 17 oral conditions on 8 daily performances and subsequently establish the intensity extent and severity. Results: It was determined that: 75.5% of students reported one or more impacted performances. The most mentioned conditions as problem were: Tooth decay and Toothache in both urban and rural areas (41.4% 26.3%) (50.7% 39.4%). The most affected daily performances were Eat and Smile for the urban and rural areas (41.4% and 53.5%) (36.4% and 22.5%) respectively. Conclusions: There was a statistically significant difference according to place of origin and sex of (p = 0.048) (p=0.011) respectively in schoolchildren from Canton Cañar.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To carry out telemedicine, remote teaching and conference, training and other activity by using remote medical information service platform based on Internet of Things so as to help primary hospital and clinic to achieve trans-regionally medical rescue and medically professional communication. Methods: Through relied on the modern communication technique and information technique to construct remote medical information service network platform that based on Internet of Things, and to link medical organization and patients of different regions so as to carry out relevant telemedicine activity. Results: Based on the remote medical information service platform, the project has realized the remote medical information system of high definition video conferencing. And its effect could really and naturally presented clearly and dynamically medical data. Therefore, it could quickly and efficiently enhanced the quality and effect of remote medical treatment, teaching and academic conferences. Conclusion: Telemedicine can overcome obstacles leaded by time and space in getting medical service, and telemedicine information service platform is a efficient way in modulating unbalance of medical resource distribution, expediting the construction of primary medical service system, promoting equalization of urban and rural medical service and alleviating problems when people get medical service.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To calculate the government and society financing limit under different compensation schemes in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,forecast the funding level for the next 5 years;to analyze the financing ability of government and society under different compensation schemes in the process of integration of basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Methods:Based on the Even Difference Grey model,it simulated and forecasted the government and social future financing levels for the next 5 years.Based on the Synthetic Degree of Incidence model,it analyzed the feasibility of government and society under different compensation schemes.Results:No matter under which type of compensation schemes,the funding body of government and society occupied a dominant position,and the amount of financing has increased rapidly.From 2011 to 2015,the growth rate was above doubled.In the next 5 years,the growth rate has reached to tripled.According to the calculation of 3 types of compensation schemes(30％ of outpatients and 60％ of hospitalized patients,30％ of outpatients and 70％ of hospitalized patients,40％of outpatients and 70％ of hospitalized),the government and society financing was more feasible under these three types of compensation schemes.Conclusion:The amount of government and social financing raising continues to increase,it faced enormous challenges.In terms of feasibility,there were 3 types of compensation programs which were more reasonable.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To calculate the individual financing amount of residents under different compensation schemes in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,and to analyze the feasibility of financing individual residents in the process of integration of basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Methods:Based on the absolute correlation model,the relative correlation model and the comprehensive correlation degree,it calculated the individual financing quota of different compensation schemes in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2011 to 2015,and analyzed the feasibility of its financing.Results:The increase in the amount of funds required for the residents in 5 years was more than 2 times,and the average annual growth rate was more than 25％.These three types of compensation programs(30％ outpatients + 70％ hospitalized).The correlation degree of the compensation scheme (40％ outpatient service + 70％ hospitalization) was between 0.60 and 0.85.The correlation degree of the compensation scheme was relatively high,which reached to 0.920.The correlation degree of these five compensation schemes was relatively low,which reached to 0.508.Conclusion:The amount of funding required for individual residents in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region increased by years.The three types of compensation programs(30％ outpatient service + 70％ hospitalization) were more feasible than the four types of compensation programs(40％ outpatient service + 70％ hospitalization).
ABSTRACT
Objective:To calculate the medical compensation fee,management fee and risk reserve in the medical insurance fund of Inner Mongolia,calculate the total financing amount of the medical insurance fund under the different compensation scheme in 2011-2015 and the amount of fund-raising fund of the per capita health insurance fund,and study the financing feasibility of urban and rural areas in Inner Mongolia in the integration process of Basic Medical Insurance for urban and rural residents.Methods:The medical insurance fund under different compensation schemes in Inner Mongolia was calculated by using the residual qualified model,the correlation degree qualified model,the variance ratio qualified model and the small error probability qualified model.Results:The average health insurance fund under the five compensation schemes in 2011-2015 was between 521.43 yuan and 2012.27 yuan.The five compensation schemes were to be raised between 128.85 yuan and 49.73 billion yuan respectively.Based on different kinds of compensation program,the financing amount of basic medical insurance fund for urban and rural residents in Inner Mongolia increased by years.The average annual growth rate was 20％,the average annual growth rate of per capita health insurance fund financing was 10％.Conclusion:The amount of fund raising increased quickly by years with high financing pressure.This was a difficult task for the advancement of the integration of basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents in Inner Mongolia.Meanwhile,it provided a scientific and effective financing plan of insurance fund for promoting the integration of basic medical insurance in Inner Mongolia.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To estimate the medical compensation fees in medical insurance fund under different compensation schemes in Inner Mongolia,and to study the feasibility of financing in the integration process of basic medical insurance for urban and rural residents in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.Methods:Based on the method of ratio method,original difference GM (1,1) model,Delphi method and moving average,the medical compensation fees under different compensation schemes in Inner Mongolia in 2015 was calculated.Results:Ignoring the factors such as pay line and cap line,the total compensation for medical expenses under the five medical compensation schemes were 18.778 billion yuan,25.355 billion yuan,30.351 billion yuan,32.346 billion yuan and 46.04 billion yuan.Conclusion:Based on the measurement of medical compensation under different compensation schemes,it calculated the financing amount of the integration of medical insurance,analyzed the feasibility of the basic medical insurance financing in Inner Mongolia.In the treatment of growth factors,insurance factors and other indicators,the innovative use of a variety of methods combined approach,scientific and effective calculation of the growth factor and insurance factor,revised a part of the annual growth factor which had large growth,the insurance factor value was too high and other problem,in order to accurately assess the medical compensation.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the influencing factors of the medical behaviors between urban and rural residents in Hubei province .Methods The survey selected 454 families in Wuhan and Macheng ;investigated their family income ,health condition and medical behaviors ,multiple correspondence and logistic regression were applied to study the influence factors of medical behaviors . Results 845 people(85.05％ )selected primary medical institutions ,and 126 people(12.83％ )selected secondary medical institution in Macheng ;321 people(47.53％ )selected primary medical institutions , and 283 people (42.30％ )selected tertiary medical institutions in Wuhan ;Macheng and Wuhan′s Cronbach′s alpha reliability coefficients for multiple correspondence model are 0.57 and 0.72 respectively ,and nagelkerke R2 for logistic regression model are 0.56 and 0.59 respectively ;Both urban and rural residents selected medical institutions depending on types of diseases ;family income influences the selection of medical institution of Macheng residents ;age and economic contribution have a great effect on medical behaviors of Wuhan resident .Conclusions Family economic income constitutes a major factor for senior people ,while such factor poses different influences over different medical insurance and economic level of these people .
ABSTRACT
Background: Hydatidosis is an endemic zoonosis in different areas of Chile, including the Region of Coquimbo, this is linked to the slaughter of cattle and presence of dogs. Objective: To identify risk factors related to hydatidosis in the home of high school students of Punitaqui. Material: A descriptive cross-sectional study was done by the application of a self-administered questionnaire to 274 students of high school. The information was analyzed by urban/rural area in five dimensions: knowledge, basic sanitation, keeping dogs, vegetable growing and cattle slaughtering and possession. Results: 84.6% of urban students reported not having received hydatidosis education. In rural areas, 93.5% reported owning dogs, with an average of 2.95 dogs/home (p < 0.001). In urban areas 44.4% of the dogs had not been dewormed and 60.3% (p < 0.001) was fed with viscera in rural areas. The 66.2% of cattle were goats and sheep and 64.5% (p < 0.001) of rural households did slaught. The main way to eliminate viscera was feeding the dogs. Conclusions: Risk factors that favor the presence of the parasite were present in relation to keeping dogs and cattle breeding and slaughter, which occurred mostly in rural areas, but being also present in urban areas.
Introducción: La hidatidosis es una zoonosis endémica en diferentes zonas de Chile y en la Región de Coquimbo, ligada a la faena de ganado y presencia de perros. Objetivo: Identificar factores de riesgo relacionados con hidatidosis en hogares de estudiantes de enseñanza media de la comuna de Punitaqui. Material: Se realizó un estudio transversal, descriptivo, aplicándose un cuestionario auto-administrado a 274 estudiantes de enseñanza media. Se analizó según zona urbana/rural en cinco dimensiones: conocimientos, saneamiento básico, tenencia de perros, cultivo de vegetales y, tenencia y faena de ganado. Resultados: El 84,6% de los estudiantes urbanos manifestó no haber recibido educación sobre hidatidosis. En zonas rurales, 93,5% señaló poseer perros, promediando 2,95 perros/vivienda (p < 0,001) y 60,3% (p < 0,001) era alimentado con vísceras. En zonas urbanas, 44,4% de los perros no había sido desparasitado. El 66,2% del alumnado declaró poseer ganado caprino y ovino y 64,5% (p < 0,001) de hogares rurales faenaba. La eliminación de vísceras era destinada principalmente para alimentación de perros. Conclusiones: Se presentaron factores de riesgo que favorecen la presencia del parásito, relacionados a la tenencia de perros y crianza y faena de ganado, los que fueron mayoritarios en sectores rurales siendo igualmente altos en zonas urbanas.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Adolescent , Students/statistics & numerical data , Echinococcosis/epidemiology , Rural Population , Urban Population , Chile/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Objective:Under the premise of the policy of everybody has medical insurance,it discussed the integration plan of the basic medical insurance system for urban and rural residents in Tibet about the problems and the countermeasures.Methods:Descriptive and contrastive methods were used to analyze the status of urban and rural medical system operation in Tibet.Results:The problem of unbalanced development of urban and rural medical and health services in Tibet and the management of post-merger were put forward.Conclusion:It was necessary to put forward policy recommendations from the aspects of horizontal co-ordination,multi-sectoral collaborative management,unified medical insurance information management system,hierarchical diagnosis and treatment mechanism,perfect Tibetan medicine reimbursement catalog,one system and multiple files and vertical co-ordination,and gradually realize the urban and rural medical insurance in Tibet System integration.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the distribution of avian influenza A viruses in external environment in Urumqi City in order to provide reference for the prevention and control of human infection with avian influenza virus in Urumqi City.Methods Environmental specimens were collected from 2013 to 2015 to detect avian influenza A virus nucleic acid with real-time fluorescent PCR.The positive specimens were further analyzed to identify the subtypes of avian influenza A viruses.Results A total of 1 043 environmental specimens were collected and tested.Among them,123 specimens were positive for avian influenza A virus nucleic acid with an overall positive rate of 11.79%.H9 was the predominant subtype,accounting for 7.77% of all specimens.Quarterly detection rates of avian influenza A virus in the three years peaked in different quarters of the year.Of all surveillance sites,live poultry markets in urban and rural areas had the highest positive rate (14.23%).Specimens collected from poultry drinking water (18.44%) and other specimens (19.44%) were highly positive for avian influenza A virus.Conclusion Avian influenza A viruses,especially the subtypes of H5,H7 and H9,exist in live poultry markets in Urumqi City.It is necessary to conduct surveillance and health education among people exposed to poultry in live poultry markets.